Table 1. Ordinary least-squares equations for determining the most probable deviation

 [Fs, regression estimate of F-pseudosigma; WWR, whole-water recoverable; TITR, electrometric titration; mg/L, milligrams per liter; x, sample most probable value; DIS, dissolved; GF-AAS, graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectrophotometry; mg/L, micrograms per liter; ICP-AES, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry; ICP-MS, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry; DCP-AES, direct current plasma-atomic emission spectrometry; USEPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; HG-AAS, hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrophotometry; IC, ion chromatography; LL, low level; GRAV, gravimetric; ISE, ion-selective electrode; F-AAS, flame-atomic absorption spectrophotometry; CV-AAS, cold vapor-atomic absorption spectrophotometry; ELEC, electrometric; mS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; COL, colorimetric; ASF, micro-Kjeldahl digestion, automated segmented flow, colorimetric]

 

Constituent and

method of analysis

Concentration range

Unit

Equation to determine Fs

Number of Samples

p-value

 

INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Alkalinity (WWR, TITR)

27.0 - 234

mg/L

Fs  = 0.018x + 0.955

13

0.0001

Aluminum (DIS, GF-AAS)

10.0 - 317

mg/L

Fs = 0.090x + 6.834

19

0.0001

Aluminum (DIS, ICP-AES)

10.0 - 317

mg/L

Fs = 0.090x + 6.834

19

0.0001

Aluminum (DIS, ICP-MS)

10.0 - 317

mg/L

Fs = 0.090x + 6.834

19

0.0001

Aluminum (WWR, DCP-AES)

10.0 - 317

mg/L

Fs = 0.090x + 6.834

19

0.0001

Aluminum (WWR, GF-AAS, USEPA)

10.0 - 317

mg/L

Fs = 0.090x + 6.834

19

0.0001

Aluminum (WWR, ICP-AES)

10.0 - 317

mg/L

Fs = 0.090x + 6.834

19

0.0001

Antimony (DIS, HG-AAS)

0.55 - 76.3

mg/L

Fs = 0.109x + 0.559

19

0.0001

Antimony (DIS, ICP-MS)

0.55 - 76.3

mg/L

Fs = 0.109x + 0.559

19

0.0001

Arsenic (DIS, GF-AAS)

0.55 - 56.6

mg/L

Fs = 0.090x + 0.427

19

0.0001

Arsenic (DIS, HG-AAS)

0.55 - 56.6

mg/L

Fs = 0.090x + 0.427

19

0.0001

Arsenic (WWR, GF-AAS)

0.55 - 56.6

mg/L

Fs = 0.090x + 0.427

19

0.0001

Arsenic (WWR, GF-AAS, USEPA)

0.55 - 56.6

mg/L

Fs = 0.090x + 0.427

19

0.0001

Arsenic (WWR, HG-AAS)

0.55 - 56.6

mg/L

Fs = 0.090x + 0.427

19

0.0001

Barium (DIS, ICP-AES)

7.65 - 507

mg/L

Fs = 0.042x + 1.411

19

0.0001

Barium (DIS, ICP-MS)

7.65 - 507

mg/L

Fs = 0.042x + 1.411

19

0.0001

Barium (WWR, ICP-AES)

7.65 - 507

mg/L

Fs = 0.042x + 1.411

19

0.0001

Beryllium (DIS, ICP-AES)

0.12 - 59.0

mg/L

Fs = 0.042x + 0.482

18

0.0001

Beryllium (DIS, ICP-MS)

0.12 - 59.0

mg/L

Fs = 0.042x + 0.482

18

0.0001

Beryllium (WWR, ICP-AES)

0.12 - 59.0

mg/L

Fs = 0.042x + 0.482

18

0.0001

Boron (DIS, ICP-AES)

0.18 - 297

mg/L

Fs = 0.060x + 6.207

33

0.0001

Boron (WWR, DCP-AES)

0.18 - 297

mg/L

Fs = 0.060x + 6.207

33

0.0001

Cadmium (DIS, GF-AAS)

0.34 - 50.5

mg/L

Fs = 0.060x + 0.350

19

0.0001

Cadmium (DIS, ICP-AES)

0.34 - 50.5

mg/L

Fs = 0.060x + 0.350

19

0.0001

Cadmium (DIS, ICP-MS)

0.34 - 50.5

mg/L

Fs = 0.060x + 0.350

19

0.0001

Cadmium (WWR, GF-AAS)

0.34 - 50.5

mg/L

Fs = 0.060x + 0.350

19

0.0001

Cadmium (WWR, ICP-AES)

0.34 - 50.5

mg/L

Fs = 0.060x + 0.350

19

0.0001

Calcium (DIS, ICP-AES)

4.60 - 154

mg/L

Fs = 0.054x - 0.187

33

0.0001

Chloride (DIS, IC)

7.60 - 208

mg/L

Fs = 0.030x + 0.355

14

0.0001

Chloride (DIS, IC, LL)

0.14 - 7.79

mg/L

Fs = 0.040x + 0.164

12

0.0001

Chromium (DIS, GF-AAS)

0.68 - 79.0

mg/L

Fs = 0.059x + 0.754

18

0.0001

Chromium (DIS, ICP-AES)

0.68 - 79.0

mg/L

Fs = 0.059x + 0.754

18

0.0001

Chromium (DIS, ICP-MS)

0.68 - 79.0

mg/L

Fs = 0.059x + 0.754

18

0.0001

Chromium (WWR, GF-AAS)

0.68 - 79.0

mg/L

Fs = 0.059x + 0.754

18

0.0001

Chromium (WWR, ICP-AES)

0.68 - 79.0

mg/L

Fs = 0.059x + 0.754

18

0.0001

Cobalt (DIS, GF-AAS)

0.40 - 40.0

mg/L

Fs = 0.048x + 0.734

17

0.0003

Cobalt (DIS, ICP-AES)

0.40 - 40.0

mg/L

Fs = 0.048x + 0.734

17

0.0003

Cobalt (DIS, ICP-MS)

0.40 - 40.0

mg/L

Fs = 0.048x + 0.734

17

0.0003

Cobalt (WWR, GF-AAS)

0.40 - 40.0

mg/L

Fs = 0.048x + 0.734

17

0.0003

Copper (DIS, GF-AAS)

1.90 - 85.3

mg/L

Fs = 0.050x + 1.067

19

0.0001

Copper (DIS, ICP-AES)

1.90 - 85.3

mg/L

Fs = 0.050x + 1.067

19

0.0001

Copper (DIS, ICP-MS)

1.90 - 85.3

mg/L

Fs = 0.050x + 1.067

19

0.0001

Copper (WWR, GF-AAS)

1.90 - 85.3

mg/L

Fs = 0.050x + 1.067

19

0.0001

Copper (WWR, ICP-AES)

1.90 - 85.3

mg/L

Fs = 0.050x + 1.067

19

0.0001

Dissolved solids (DIS, GRAV)

88.0 - 1309

mg/L

Fs = 0.017x + 7.610

13

0.0001

Fluoride (DIS, IC, LL)

0.028 - 0.14

mg/L

Fs = 0.005x + 0.020

9

0.953

Fluoride (DIS, ISE)

0.23 - 1.23

mg/L

Fs = 0.061x + 0.012

12

0.0001

Iron (DIS, ICP-AES)

4.30 - 1175

mg/L

Fs = 0.045x + 4.886

17

0.0001

Iron (WWR, F-AAS)

4.30 - 1175

mg/L

Fs = 0.045x + 4.886

17

0.0001

Iron (WWR, ICP-AES)

4.30 - 1175

mg/L

Fs = 0.045x + 4.886

17

0.0001

Lead (DIS, GF-AAS)

1.00 - 103

mg/L

Fs = 0.066x + 0.822

19

0.0001

Lead (DIS, ICP-AES)

1.00 - 103

mg/L

Fs = 0.066x + 0.822

19

0.0001

Lead (DIS, ICP-MS)

1.00 - 103

mg/L

Fs = 0.066x + 0.822

19

0.0001

Lead (WWR, GF-AAS)

1.00 - 103

mg/L

Fs = 0.066x + 0.822

19

0.0001

Lead (WWR, ICP-AES)

1.00 - 103

mg/L

Fs = 0.066x + 0.822

19

0.0001

Lithium (DIS, ICP-AES)

8.70 - 132

mg/L

Fs = 0.081x + 0.364

19

0.0001

Lithium (WWR, F-AAS)

8.70 - 132

mg/L

Fs = 0.081x + 0.364

19

0.0001

Magnesium (DIS, ICP-AES)

0.78 - 58.4

mg/L

Fs = 0.044x - 0.003

33

0.0001

Manganese (DIS, ICP-AES)

2.40 - 455

mg/L

Fs = 0.047x + 0.990

19

0.0001

Manganese (DIS, ICP-MS)

2.40 - 455

mg/L

Fs = 0.047x + 0.990

19

0.0001

Manganese (WWR, F-AAS)

2.40 - 455

mg/L

Fs = 0.047x + 0.990

19

0.0001

Manganese (WWR, ICP-AES)

2.40 - 455

mg/L

Fs = 0.047x + 0.990

19

0.0001

Mercury (DIS, CV-AAS)

0.34 - 5.04

mg/L

Fs = 0.110x + 0.075

16

0.0001

Mercury (WWR, CV-AAS)

0.34 - 5.04

mg/L

Fs = 0.110x + 0.075

16

0.0001

Molybdenum (DIS, GF-AAS)

1.25 - 112

mg/L

Fs = 0.081x + 0.735

18

0.0001

Molybdenum (DIS, ICP-AES)

1.25 - 112

mg/L

Fs = 0.081x + 0.735

18

0.0001

Molybdenum (DIS, ICP-MS)

1.25 - 112

mg/L

Fs = 0.081x + 0.735

18

0.0001

Molybdenum (WWR, GF-AAS)

1.25 - 112

mg/L

Fs = 0.081x + 0.735

18

0.0001

Nickel (DIS, GF-AAS)

1.70 - 71.0

mg/L

Fs = 0.057x + 1.14

19

0.0001

Nickel (DIS, ICP-AES)

1.70 - 71.0

mg/L

Fs = 0.057x + 1.14

19

0.0001

Nickel (DIS, ICP-MS)

1.70 - 71.0

mg/L

Fs = 0.057x + 1.14

19

0.0001

Nickel (WWR, GF-AAS)

1.70 - 71.0

mg/L

Fs = 0.057x + 1.14

19

0.0001

Nickel (WWR, ICP-AES)

1.70 - 71.0

mg/L

Fs = 0.057x + 1.14

19

0.0001

Potassium (DIS, F-AAS)

0.45 - 13.9

mg/L

Fs = 0.067x + 0.022

33

0.0001

Potassium (DIS, F-AAS, LL)

0.057 - 0.55

mg/L

Fs = 0.064x + 0.017

12

0.0024

Selenium (DIS, GF-AAS)

2.10 - 21.4

mg/L

Fs = 0.160x + 0.191

17

0.0001

Selenium (DIS, HG-AAS)

2.10 - 21.4

mg/L

Fs = 0.160x + 0.191

17

0.0001

Selenium (WWR, GF-AAS)

2.10 - 21.4

mg/L

Fs = 0.160x + 0.191

17

0.0001

Selenium (WWR, GF-AAS, USEPA)

2.10 - 21.4

mg/L

Fs = 0.160x + 0.191

17

0.0001

Selenium (WWR, HG-AAS)

2.10 - 21.4

mg/L

Fs = 0.160x + 0.191

17

0.0001

Silica (DIS, COL)

2.46 - 24.0

mg/L

Fs = 0.061x + 0.007

32

0.0001

Silica (DIS, ICP-AES)

2.46 - 24.0

mg/L

Fs = 0.061x + 0.007

32

0.0001

Silver (DIS, GF-AAS)

0.90 - 19.8

mg/L

Fs = 0.049x + 0.568

16

0.0043

Silver (DIS, GF-AAS, LL)

0.90 - 19.8

mg/L

Fs = 0.049x + 0.568

16

0.0043

Silver (DIS, ICP-AES)

0.90 - 19.8

mg/L

Fs = 0.049x + 0.568

16

0.0043

Silver (DIS, ICP-MS)

0.90 - 19.8

mg/L

Fs = 0.049x + 0.568

16

0.0043

Silver (WWR, GF-AAS)

0.90 - 19.8

mg/L

Fs = 0.049x + 0.568

16

0.0043

Sodium (DIS, F-AAS)

7.19 - 166

mg/L

Fs = 0.037x + 0.292

33

0.0001

Sodium (DIS, F-AAS, LL)

0.117 - 4.40

mg/L

Fs = 0.047x + 0.023

12

0.0001

Sodium (DIS, ICP-AES)

7.19 - 166

mg/L

Fs = 0.037x + 0.292

33

0.0001

Specific conductance (WWR, ELEC, LL)

7.000 - 44.1

mS/cm

Fs = 0.049x + 0.460

13

0.0127

Strontium (DIS, ICP-AES)

31.9 - 1669

mg/L

Fs = 0.054x - 0.870

33

0.0001

Strontium (WWR, ICP-AES)

31.9 - 1669

mg/L

Fs = 0.054x - 0.870

33

0.0001

Sulfate (DIS, IC)

6.06 - 621

mg/L

Fs = 0.036x + 0.631

14

0.0001

Vanadium (DIS, COL)

1.00 - 52.8

mg/L

Fs = 0.047x + 1.343

29

0.0001

Vanadium (DIS, ICP-AES)

1.00 - 52.8

mg/L

Fs = 0.047x + 1.343

29

0.0001

Zinc (DIS, ICP-AES)

5.80 - 381

mg/L

Fs = 0.046x + 2.448

19

0.0001

Zinc (DIS, ICP-MS)

5.80 - 381

mg/L

Fs = 0.046x + 2.448

19

0.0001

Zinc (WWR, F-AAS)

5.80 - 381

mg/L

Fs = 0.046x + 2.448

19

0.0001

Zinc (WWR, ICP-AES)

5.80 - 381

mg/L

Fs = 0.046x + 2.448

19

0.0001

 

 

 

NUTRIENT CONSTITUENTS

Ammonia as nitrogen (DIS)

0.024 - 1.33

mg/L

Fs = 0.060x + 0.012

25

0.0004

Ammonia as nitrogen (DIS, COL)

0.024 - 1.33

mg/L

Fs = 0.060x + 0.012

25

0.0004

Ammonia as nitrogen (DIS, COL, LL)

0.024 - 1.33

mg/L

Fs = 0.060x + 0.012

25

0.0004

Ammonia as nitrogen (DIS, USEPA)

0.024 - 1.33

mg/L

Fs = 0.060x + 0.012

25

0.0004

Ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen (DIS)

0.118 - 2.37

mg/L

Fs = 0.052x + 0.113

27

0.0069

Ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen (DIS, ASF)

0.118 - 2.37

mg/L

Fs = 0.052x + 0.113

27

0.0069

Ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen (DIS, USEPA)

0.118 - 2.37

mg/L

Fs = 0.052x + 0.113

27

0.0069

Ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen (WWR)

0.118 - 2.37

mg/L

Fs = 0.052x + 0.113

27

0.0069

Ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen (WWR, ASF)

0.118 - 2.37

mg/L

Fs = 0.052x + 0.113

27

0.0069

Ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen (WWR, USEPA)

0.118 - 2.37

mg/L

Fs = 0.052x + 0.113

27

0.0069

Nitrate plus nitrite as nitrogen (DIS)

0.073 - 1.93

mg/L

Fs = 0.042x + 0.015

25

0.0003

Nitrate plus nitrite as nitrogen (DIS, COL)

0.073 - 1.93

mg/L

Fs = 0.042x + 0.015

25

0.0003

Nitrate plus nitrite as nitrogen (DIS, COL, LL)

0.073 - 1.93

mg/L

Fs = 0.042x + 0.015

25

0.0003

Orthophosphate as phosphorus (DIS)

0.052 - 1.59

mg/L

Fs = 0.040x + 0.006

24

0.0004

Orthophosphate as phosphorus (DIS, COL)

0.052 - 1.59

mg/L

Fs = 0.040x + 0.006

24

0.0004

Orthophosphate as phosphorus (DIS, COL, LL)

0.052 - 1.59

mg/L

Fs = 0.040x + 0.006

24

0.0004

Phosphorus (DIS)

0.060 - 1.63

mg/L

Fs = 0.035x + 0.009

27

0.0001

Phosphorus (DIS, ASF)

0.060 - 1.63

mg/L

Fs = 0.035x + 0.009

27

0.0001

Phosphorus (DIS, COL, LL)

0.060 - 1.63

mg/L

Fs = 0.035x + 0.009

27

0.0001

Phosphorus (DIS, USEPA)

0.060 - 1.63

mg/L

Fs = 0.035x + 0.009

27

0.0001

Phosphorus (WWR)

0.060 - 1.63

mg/L

Fs = 0.035x + 0.009

27

0.0001

Phosphorus (WWR, ASF)

0.060 - 1.63

mg/L

Fs = 0.035x + 0.009

27

0.0001

Phosphorus (WWR, COL, LL)

0.060 - 1.63

mg/L

Fs = 0.035x + 0.009

27

0.0001

Phosphorus (WWR, USEPA)

0.060 - 1.63

mg/L

Fs = 0.035x + 0.009

27

0.0001

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